Our scientific publications
Analysis of the Lower Limit of Allowable Energy in Modular Multilevel Converters
In this paper, a thorough analysis of the converter arm behavior is presented, which gives an analytic expression of the lower limit of the energy as a function of the converter operating point and the connected grid conditions. The relation between the lower energy limit and the operating power is analyzed by using the practical MMC specifications of an HVDC application. An experimental test of a small-scale MMC mock-up demonstrates the validity of the theoretical analysis.
Advanced Electrical characterisation of high voltage 4H-SiC PiN diodes
This paper reports the design, the processing, the static characterisation, the switching behaviour and the high current stress test of 10 kV aimed 4H-SiC bipolar diodes. The actual breakdown voltage of the selected devices is between 7 kV and 8 kV. The switching characterisations show a good behaviour with a t rr of only 90 ns. No degradation was observed after the application of 10 000 high current pulses during the stress tests.
Virtual capacitor for DC grid stability enhancement
With a growing number of commercial installations around the world, HVDC technology increased its presence and importance in the power systems. Among various converter topologies, the Modular Multilevel Converters (MMCs) are considered as the most suitable one for HVDC application today. Besides its recognised advantages over conventional converters, the MMC has an interesting extra degree of freedom, which is the energy stored in the distributed cell capacitors. Although the amount of this energy is relatively small, it can provide a significant contribution to the DC system stability when properly used. This paper presents experiment results that demonstrate the effectiveness of virtual capacitor control. This control, previously proposed by the authors, makes use of the above additional degree of freedom to attenuate fluctuations of the DC voltage, which tend to be inherently volatile against power disturbances compared to the frequency of conventional AC systems. Under the virtual capacitor control, the MMC behaves as if there were a capacitor on the DC side of the converter whose size is easily adjusted by the control variable and can be even bigger than the physical capacitor actually embedded in the converter. In practice, the emulation of the capacitor dynamics is realised by the auxiliary control which adjusts the exchange of the energy between the stacked cell capacitors and the DC grid during the transient. Thus, no adverse effect is imposed on the AC grid. Furthermore, the system operator can optionally adjust the equivalent capacitance of the system to achieve desired mitigation level of DC voltage fluctuation during the operation. Therefore, this additional degree of freedom can largely extend the operability of the DC systems. The feasibility and effectiveness of the virtual capacitor control is demonstrated by experimental results obtained by using a small-scale MMC prototype.
Development of a protection strategy for future DC networks based on low-speed DC circuit breakers
This paper presents a novel protection scheme based on converter breaker; its key element, namely a low-speed mechanical DC breaker, is located at each DC converter output.
Assessment methodology and performance indicators for HVDC grid protection strategies
This paper presents an assessment methodology of protection strategies for meshed grids. It also proposes the computation of two performance indicators to evaluate protection strategies through a reliability and speed perspective. The Monte Carlo method is used to calculate the two indicators proposed. These two indexes can be used as criteria for comparison between protection strategies. Due to the increasing debate around the protection for HVDC grids, three proposals of protection of HVDC grids were chosen as application cases.
Protection strategy for MTDC grids using SFCLS at converter station output
This study proposes a non-selective protection strategy for multi-terminal high voltage direct current grids based on resistive-type superconducting fault current limiters (SFCLs). Located at the output of AC/DC converters, the SFCL limits the current contribution from the AC grid in case of DC fault. With this approach, the fault clearing time constraint is relieved allowing the use of mechanical DC circuit breakers for fault current interruption. Furthermore, the breaking capability and energy dissipation requirements of the breaker are greatly reduced. To achieve a fast restoration of the DC grid, a redundant SFCL is introduced in parallel to those in operation, bypassing them when the fault is effectively suppressed. In addition, primary and back-up protection schemes are described and tested using a three-terminal bipolar HVDC grid based on half-bridge modular multilevel converters and cable transmission. Simulations are implemented in EMTP-RV® to analyse and discuss performances of the proposed fault clearing strategy.
Evaluation of HVDC cable impedance and admittance matrices by finite element method
In this work, a 2D Finite Element Method (FEM) is used to calculate the frequency dependent impedance and admittance matrices of underground and submarine cables. A harmonic magnetodynamic formulation is used to calculate the series impedances, and for the calculation of the parallel admittance an electrodynamic formulation is applied.
Robustness study of 1700 V 45 mΩ SiC MOSFETs
The threshold voltage instability is a main reliability issue of Silicon Carbide MOSFET transistors. It is a critical parameter when it comes to give a failure in time rate for industrial power applications. In this context, a static ageing test based on JEDEC standard is proposed and the resulting gate oxide degradation is studied and discussed in this paper.
Technical and economic analysis of the R-type SFCL […] in HVDC grids
Mainly used in AC grids, resistive type superconducting fault current limiters may be still more interesting for DC systems due to their capability to reduce high short circuit currents appearing in case of DC cable fault. This limiter reduces the breaking capability, speed, and energy requirements of the required DC circuit breaker allowing the implementation of electro mechanical breakers for fault current interruption. These breakers have lower breaking capability, on load losses, and investment costs in comparison with hybrid circuit breakers based on power electronics. This paper presents a technical and economic analysis of a superconducting fault current limiter used in a radial three terminal high voltage DC grid to protect a cable link. Based on simulation studies using an electro magnetic transient program, an effective system protection will be demonstrated with special attention to the continuity of power flow through healthy parts of the grid.
